Water testing & Pasteurization in Africa
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 1 Water - Safe to Drink? Nepal |  2 |  3 |  4 |
 5 |  6 Mwamongu Village water source, Tanzania |  7 Water source in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |  8 |
 9 The presence of the bacterium Escherichia coli indicates recent fecal contamination of water. |  10 Water tests should provide this information |  11 |  12 |
 13 |  14 Components of the Portable Microbiology Laboratory with Colilert and Petrifilm tests for E. coli |  15 Old, inexact methods on the left, to be replaced by modern tests for E. coli, right |  16 Portable Microbiology Laboratory. Materials for 25 water tests in gallon-sized plastic bag |
 17 Bob Metcalf holds the two Portable Microbiology Laboratory tests: Colilert MPN tube, and E. coli count Petrifilm. |  18 Colilert: A presence/absence test for E. coli in 10 ml of water. |  19 Colilert is an approved water testing method in 35 countries |  20 ONPG and MUG are the two substates for E. coli in Colilert |
 21 How to use Colilert MPN. Collect water in sterile WhirlPak (open well in Temeke Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania) |  22 Carefully remove cap from Colilert tube |  23 Use sterile pipette to add 10 ml of water source |  24 Carefully replace cap |
 25 Shake tube to dissolve chemicals |  26 Incubate tubes at 35°C for next day results |  27 Tubes can also be incubated next to one\'s body to obtain next day results. |  28 Next day Rresults Clear = no coliform bacteria. Yellow (ONPG+) = coliform bacteria present, possibly E. coli |
 29 Use a battery-operated long UV light to shine on tubes. Blue fluorescence = MUG +, E. coli is present, water not safe to drink. |  30 The best test for E. coli in foods: E. coli Count Petrifilm |  31 Two substrates in Petrifilm for E. coli, lactose and BCIG |  32 To use Petrifilm, label sample source and time |
 33 Use sterile pipette to collect exactly 1 ml of water |  34 Raise the edge of film to expose nutrient circle |  35 Add 1 ml of water sample to nutrient circle |  36 Carefully roll down film onto nutrient circle |
 37 Use flat side of plastic spreader to gently distribute 1 ml over entire circle |  38 Petrifilms ready for incubation |  39 Petriflms covered with firm cardboard enables incubation on one\'s body, ~20 doublings for invisible bacteria to develop into visible colonies |  40 Results usually in 10-18 hr. E. coli = blue colonies with gas. Coliforms besides E. coli = red with gas. |
 41 Petrifilm & Colilert tests correlate with risk of disease, WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 2nd Edition. |  42 |  43 |  44 Ready to start workshop. Boniphace translates for Bob Metcalf |
 45 Two water sources in Saka Saka. From a pump (green bucket) and an open stream (yellow bucket). |  46 Adults will sample either pump or stream water |  47 Mixing inoculated Colilert tubes, to incubate overnight |  48 Petrifilms also inoculated by either pump or stream water |
 49 Next day demonstration of solar cooking, solar water pasteurization |  50 Next day results: Pump water yellow, MUG -, no E. coli. Stream yellow and MUG+, E. coli present. |  51 Examining Petrifilms the next morning |  52 Next day Petrifilm results are clear. |
 53 Stream water (front) with ~100 E. coli colonies on each Petrifilm, very high disease risk. Pump water with coliform bacteria, but not E. coli, low disease risk. |  54 All villagers see results of grossly contaminated stream water, no E. coli contamination of pump water. |  55 Solar cooked rice in 2 hr |  56 Providing a year\'s supply of water testing materials to Saka Saka health workers |
 57 Solar water pasteurization and cooking demonstrated in Saka Saka. This could be replicated in villages worldwide. |  58 Water testing/solar pasteurization workshop for Village Chiefs and Village Health workers, Meatu District, Tanzania, 2001 |  59 Village health workers examine results the following day |  60 Village chief knows that MUG+ Colilert means that E. coli was in the town\'s river water source, unsafe water |
 61 Health worker finds >10 E. coli on Petrifilm, town river source poses a very high risk of disease |  62 Boniphace explaining Petrifilm results of village water sources Meatu |  63 Workshop participants given Colilert tubes to test home water sources, Nyakach, Kenya, 2003 |  64 Colilert tubes incubated overnight in Nyakach |
 65 All home water sources ONPG +, contain coliform bacteria |  66 All water sources from shallow wells also contain E. coli |  67 Collecting Nyakach shallow well water for testing |  68 Results of Nyakach shallow well - > 10 E. coli/ml very high risk of disease |
 69 |  70 |  71 Students at California State University, Sacramento, who contributed to water pasteurization work |  72 |
 73 Water Pasteurization article, 1984 |  74 |  75 Water Pasteurization Indicator (WAPI). When water reaches 65°C (149°F), wax melts and falls to the bottom. Water is pasteurized. |  76 |
 77 |  78 Use a Cookit solar cooker. 5 liters pasteurized in 3 hours of sunshine |  79 Article on Cookit and WAPI to pasteurize water, 1999 |  80 Water vendor collecting river water, Mwanhuzi town, Meatu District, Tanzania, 2000 |
 81 Water vendors try to sell water in Mwanhuzi |  82 Guest House (hotel) |  83 River water provided for guests |  84 After testing river water, collect for solar pasteurization |
 85 Heating river water in Cookit |  86 Temperature >60°C in 2 hours |  87 WAPI wax melted, water is pasteurized |  88 Ready to test pasteurized water |
 89 Micro tests before (top) and after solar pasteurization |  90 Solar cooking & solar water pasteurization in Nyakach, Kenya |  91 Solar cook in Nyakach with WAPI |  92 |
 93 Workshop for Water Resources Management Association and Ministry of Public Health & Sanitation, Kenya |  94 Training of Trainers Workshop participants |  95 Introducing Portable Microbiology Laboratory |  96 Workshop participants |
 97 Water tests during workshop |  98 Africa Women and Water Conference, Nairobi, July, 2008 |  99 Water testing session |  100 Inoculating Petrifilms and Colilert tubes with water from their home areas |
 101 Next day results of Nigeria water |  102 Examining Petrifilm results |  103 Uganda water (left) low disease risk; Kenya water, very high disease risk |  104 2004 Nobel Peace Prize Winner Prof. Wangari Maathai (right) attends closing ceremony |
 105 Faustine Odaba, Margaret Owino present Prof. Maathai with Cookit |  106 Prof. Metcalf shows Prof. Maathai Colilert test results |  107 And Petrifilm results |  108 A Single Drop for Safe Water brings water testing to the Philippines, January, 2009 |
 109 Session in Manila with UNICEF Water & Sanitation |  110 Performing Colilert and Petrifilm tests |  111 Second day results |  112 Like a cellular phone enables communication anywhere, the Portable Microbiology Laboratory enables testing water anywhere |