1Water testing conducted with Friends of the Old (FOTO) staff 2 3FOTO office located in Katito, Lower Nyakach, Western Kenya 4With FOTO staff and Board members, July, 2011 5Lower Nyakach locations, population ~70,000, ~5,000 grandparents take care of orphaned grandchildren. 6FOTO staff experienced in water testing using Colilert and Petrifilms 7Colilert and Petrfilm tests to use 8L to R: Petrifilm, Whirl Pak, pipette, Colilert tube, UV light for Colilert 9Mary Beth Metcalf and Julie Oliver label tubes and Petrifilms for testing 10Tubes and Petrifilms for initial sample of 11 water sources 1111 drinking water sources collected by FOTO staff 12Ready to start experiment 13Each FOTO staff member assigned to one water source 14Initial sample, 1 Colilert tube, triplicate Petrifilms 15Inoculating Colilert tube, 0 hour 16Each water source added to plastic bottle for Solar Disinfection (SODIS) treatment. 17Bob Metcalf with SODIS bottles. Full sunshine, <1° from equator! 185 water sources also added to dark, covered pots, placed in Cookit solar cooker to pasteurize water. 19Water Pasteurization Indicator (WAPI) added to solar heated water. 20Water Pasteurization Indicator (WAPI). When water reaches 65°C (149°F), wax melts and falls to the bottom. Water is pasteurized. 21 22After 3 hours of full sunshine, SODIS bottle sampled. 23SODIS samples at 3 hours, 1 Colilert tube, duplicate Petrifilms 243 hour sampling of water heated in Cookit, 1 Colilert tube, duplicate Petrifilms 25WAPI wax melted with Nyalunya River water, it's pasteurized, safe to drink. 26WAPI wax melted with E. Nyakach pond water and other heated water sources. 273 more hours of equatorial sunshine for SODIS bottles 28Collecting SODIS bottles for testing after 6 hours of sunshine 29SODIS tests at 6 hours, 1 Colilert tube and duplicate Petrifilms. 30Inside controls also tested 6 hours, 1 Colilert tube, duplicate Petrifilms 31WaterGuard, Aquaguard, 1.2% sodium hypochlorite 32WaterGuard will be added to 11 SODIS bottles 333 drops per liter WaterGuard added to SODIS bottles 34Testing free chlorine in SODIS bottles with SenSafe strips 35SenSafe tests for free chlorine 36SenSafe strips before (top) and after thiosulfate added after 15 min. 37Testing chlorine treated samples, 1 Colilert tube, duplicate Petrifilms 38Colilert tubes to incubate on body overnight to obtain results 39Recording results of water tests 4060 Colilert tubes, 120 Petrifilms 41Results! 42E. coli colonies are blue with gas. Other colonies from environmental bacteria. 43Clear = no coliform bacteria. Yellow (ONPG+) = coliform bacteria present, possibly E. coli 44Shine a long-wavelenth UV light on tubes. Blue fluorescence = MUG (+), E. coli is present (right tube). MUG (-), E. coli not present. 45Colilert and Petrifilm tests correlate with risk of disease, WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 2nd Edition. 46I. Awach River 47I. Awach River results. Heat (Cookit) and chlorine disinfect, SODIS doesn't. 48E. Omondo River 49E. Omondo River results. Chlorine disinfects, SODIS doesn't. 50Omondo River results SODIS vs chlorine 51C. Nyalunya River 52C. Nyalunya River results. Heat and chlorine disinfect. SODIS doesn't 53Nyalunya River results, SODIS vs heat 54K. Asawo River 55K. Asawo River results. SODIS, heat and chlorine = low disease risk. 56F. Turbid pond water 57All F Petrifilms 58F. Rang'ul Pond water results. Heat and chlorine disinfect, SODIS doesn't 59Rang'ul Pond Results SODIS vs heat 60D. Tap Water, Pap Onditi 61D. Tap water results. SODIS and chlorine = low disease risk 62G. North Nyakach tank 63North Nyakach tank results. Low disease risk initially. 64H. East Nyakach turbid pond water 65East Nyakach pond water results. Intermediate risk to start, low risk with SODIS, chlorine 66J. Very turbid Pond Water, Central 67No residual chlorine in turbid Central pond water 68Central Pond Water results. Heat disinfects, SODIS and chlorine don't 69B. West Kabodho pond water 70B. West Kabodho pond water low risk initially 71A. Borehole, Central 72Central Borehole results. SODIS, heat and chlorine = low disease risk 73 74Petrifilm results - boreholes contaminated. Started chlorine distribution 75Petrifilm results led to distribution of free chlorine to all families, starting in 2012 76Chlorine distribution through village elders 77Village elder with chlorine to distribute in his village 78Recipients of chlorine distribution 79In 2014 FOTO started providing all 42 schools with chlorine 80primary school supply of chlorine 81Safe storage container (left), chlorine on table. "No more diarrhea." 82Taking water testing to communities 83FOTO staff lead 24 water/sanitation sessions each month 84Teaching at primary school 85Testing school's water sources 86Evidence-based microbiology that people understand 87The blue dot means fecal bacteria are in our water source 88 89Cholera outbreak in region 90 91Lower Nyakach is a cholera free oasis within the region 92FOTO shirts promote eliminating waterborne diseases 93FOTO 2017 Calendar promotes The Goal is Zero 94Participating in IWA Development Congress 95FOTO project director Dinah Chienjo, Bob, Faustine Odaba 96IWHA booth introducing unique water testing methods 97Delegates shown how to pipette and inoculate tests 98Bob and Dinah's talk - The Goal is Zero! 99Bob introduces water testing methods 100Dinah describes FOTO project to eliminate waterborne diseases 101IWHA present at IWA's 4th Devlopment Congress 102IWHA booth at Congress 103 104What should happen in every village worldwide 105 106IWHA booth at WDCE 2017 107Mary Beth Metcalf explains Colilert test at IWHA booth 108Patrick Widner explains water testing 109Three talks IWHA presented at WDCE 2017 110A goal without a strategic plan to achieve that goal is just a pipe dream. 111The FOTO project demonstrates how to reach the constitutional right to safe drinking water 112
